I f you want to reverse engineer.net applications (or any application for that matter), youâll have to try different types of weapons from your arsenal. There are no âN steps to reverse engineer a.net applicationâ kind of thing.Each application vendor may use their best known method of securing their code. And youâll have to think out-of-box to get to know the internals of an.
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.NET Reactor
.NET Reactor is a code protection and software licensing system for software applications written in the .NET Framework. It supports all languages that generate .NET assemblies. .NET Reactor builds a native code wall between potential hackers and your .NET assemblies by producing a file which cannot be understood directly as CIL (Common Intermediate Language).
Serial Key Generator
Serial Key Generator is a program to help developers generate serial numbers for applications. You can generate serial keys using a custom number of columns and characters per column. The sequence of numbers/digits can be defined in the application. The output can be saved as CSV or TXT documents.
Serial Key Maker
Serial Key Maker is a powerful program that enables you to create secure software license keys. You can create time-limited, demo and non-expiring keys, create multiple keys in one click, quickly encrypt strings using your own private key and lock a license key to a particular machine.
Game Product Key Finder
Game Product Key Finder recovers product keys for thousands of popular games installed on your local or remote network computers, including Electronic Arts, PopCap and GameHouse Games.You can also save all your product keys to file or print.
AISNSim
AISNSim is with a new download and install system. To download the latest version just register an account here and log in with it. There you will see the download link. But for the installation of the sim you need a SERIAL KEY so go to the section REGISTER SERIAL and get your Lincense Key. This system was integrated to keep track of the number of users who are using AISNSim.
Nevron 3DChart for ActiveX
Nevron 3DChart is a powerful charting component used to create attractive 3D and 2D charts for client applications and web pages using COM or .NET technologies. 3DChart uses the OpenGL 3D graphics engine to create sophisticated 2D and 3D charts.
Amazon Software Downloader
Amazon Software Downloader is an application that works with Amazon. The Internet Big has recently released a software distribution system much like Valve's Steam. However, many companies work hand in hand with Amazon to release their content on Amazon Software.
Complete File Split Join
Complete File Split Join 1.0 is a tool which can split and join files. It has an easy to use Windows UI which shows a preview of file operations. It comes with a command line utility tool cfsplit.exe to write batch commands or scripts.
Folder Lock
In the world of digitization, remote access, cloud storage, and shared access keeping your most valuable and sensitive documents conveniently out of view is of the utmost importance. Folder Lock has been designed to offer you the level of security you need to lock, hide, encrypt, and back up your private information without compromising its usability.
Windows License Key Dump
Windows License Key Dump is the free command-line tool to recover the product/serial Keys of all versions of Windows including new Windows 10 version and 200+ other popular software.It automatically detects and decrypts the license/serial keys of over 200+ popular software including Office, SQL Server, Adobe, Nero and many more.
Conqueror Browser
Conqueror Browser is a great browser made in VB.net in Visual Studio 2010 & .net 4.0. Key Features include light-weight, clean interface, tab browsing.Uses dual HTML Rendering Engines Microsoft IE's Trident Engine and Chakra. Fully supports CSS3 and HTML5.
232key
232key can be used to capture numeric values sent from a serial device and automatically enter them into any application as if you had typed them on the keyboard. This program captures data sent from a device connected to a serial port and parses it to extract the first number, which is then processed and formatted according to your requirements and typed it into any program.
Pwdspy Product Key Finder
Pwdspy Product Key Finder is a professional product key recovery tool for you to recover product key, such as Windows, MS Office, MS SQL Server, MS Visual Studio, VMWare, Adobe and many other software. With this powerful product key finder, you can recover your product key instantly.
ReportX
[Email: [email protected]]ReportX is a real-time (read-only) data extraction utility which can...- export/email results- produce 2D & 3D graphs- has business intelligence (BI) features that: SUM, COUNT, ROLLUP, AVERAGE numeric data.
AC Tool
AC Tool is a utility that allows you to list a series of keystrokes and mouse clicks in advance and send them to Asheron's Call at a later time. The list of keystrokes and mouse clicks is called a macro or a script. AC Tool does not intercept data returned by Asheron's Call.
WinTools.net Professional
WinTools.net is a set of tools for increasing Windows operating system performance. Professional version contains tools for uninstalling Windows programs, scanning files, checking desktop & start-menu shortcuts, registry cleaning, managing startup programs, tweaking Windows interface, changing network settings, shredding files, and managing Internet Explorer shortcuts.
WinTools.net
WinTools.net cleanly removes unwanted software from disk drives and dead references from the MS Windows registry. WinTools.net puts you in control of the Windows startup process, memory monitoring and gives you the power to customize desktop and system settings to fit your needs. Adds more speed and stability for your connection.
Product Key Explorer
Product Key Explorer can help you find the keys of the software products installed on a local computer or on other machines of your network. In this regard, it is great that the program supports an extensive list comprising more than 8,000 products. Using the tool could not be any easier, with just a push of a button you can get the list of programs installed on the machine and their keys.
(Redirected from City dump)
A landfill in Poland
A landfill site (also known as a tip, dump, rubbish dump, garbage dump or dumping ground and historically as a midden[1]) is a site for the disposal of waste materials by burial. It is the oldest form of waste treatment (although the burial part is modern; historically, refuse was just left in piles or thrown into pits). Historically, landfills have been the most common method of organized waste disposal and remain so in many places around the world.
Some landfills are also used for waste management purposes, such as the temporary storage, consolidation and transfer, or processing of waste material (sorting, treatment, or recycling). Unless they are stabilized, these areas may experience severe shaking or soil liquefaction of the ground during a large earthquake.
Operations[edit]
One of several landfills used by Dryden, Ontario, Canada.
Typically, operators of well-run landfills for non-hazardous waste meet predefined specifications by applying techniques to:[citation needed]
They can also cover waste (usually daily) with layers of soil or other types of material such as woodchips and fine particles.
During landfill operations, a scale or weighbridge may weigh waste collection vehicles on arrival and personnel may inspect loads for wastes that do not accord with the landfill's waste-acceptance criteria. Afterward, the waste collection vehicles use the existing road network on their way to the tipping face or working front, where they unload their contents. After loads are deposited, compactors or bulldozers can spread and compact the waste on the working face. Before leaving the landfill boundaries, the waste collection vehicles may pass through a wheel-cleaning facility. If necessary, they return to the weighbridge for re-weighing without their load. The weighing process can assemble statistics on the daily incoming waste tonnage, which databases can retain for record keeping. In addition to trucks, some landfills may have equipment to handle railroad containers. The use of 'rail-haul' permits landfills to be located at more remote sites, without the problems associated with many truck trips.
Typically, in the working face, the compacted waste is covered with soil or alternative materials daily. Alternative waste-cover materials include chipped wood or other 'green waste',[2]several sprayed-on foam products, chemically 'fixed' bio-solids, and temporary blankets. Blankets can be lifted into place at night and then removed the following day prior to waste placement. The space that is occupied daily by the compacted waste and the cover material is called a daily cell. Waste compaction is critical to extending the life of the landfill. Factors such as waste compressibility, waste-layer thickness and the number of passes of the compactor over the waste affect the waste densities.
Sanitary Landfill Life Cycle[edit]
The term landfill is usually shorthand for a municipal landfill or sanitary landfill. These facilities were first introduced early in the 20th century, but gained wide use in the 1960s and '70s, in an effort to eliminate open dumps and other 'unsanitary' waste disposal practices. The sanitary landfill is an engineered facility that separates and confines waste. Sanitary landfills are intended as biological reactors (bioreactors) in which microbes will break down complex organic waste into simpler, less toxic compounds over time. These reactors must be designed and operated according to regulatory standards and guidelines (See environmental engineering).
Usually, aerobic decomposition is the first stage by which wastes are broken down in a landfill. These are followed by four stages of anaerobic degradation. Usually, solid organic material in solid phase decays rapidly as larger organic molecules degrade into smaller molecules. These smaller organic molecules begin to dissolve and move to the liquid phase, followed by hydrolysis of these organic molecules, and the hydrolyzed compounds then undergo transformation and volatilization as carbon dioxide (CO2) and methane (CH4), with rest of the waste remaining in solid and liquid phases.
During the early phases, little material volume reaches the leachate, as the biodegradable organic matter of the waste undergoes a rapid decrease in volume. Meanwhile, the leachate's chemical oxygen demand increases with increasing concentrations of the more recalcitrant compounds compared to the more reactive compounds in the leachate. Successful conversion and stabilization of the waste depends on how well microbial populations function in syntrophy, i.e. an interaction of different populations to provide each other's nutritional needs.[3]:
The life cycle of a municipal landfill undergoes five distinct phases[4][3]:
Phase I - Initial adjustment:
As the waste is placed in the landfill, the void spaces contain high volumes of molecular oxygen (O2). With added and compacted wastes, the O2 content of the landfill bioreactor strata gradually decreases. Microbial populations grow, density increases. Aerobic biodegradation dominates, i.e. the primary electron acceptor is O2.
Phase II - Transition:
The O2 is rapidly degraded by the existing microbial populations. The decreasing O2 leads to less aerobic and more anaerobic conditions in the layers. The primary electron acceptors during transition are nitrates and sulphates, since O2 is rapidly displaced by CO2 in the effluent gas.
Phase III - Acid formation:
Hydrolysis of the biodegradable fraction of the solid waste begins in the acid formation phase, which leads to rapid accumulation of volatile fatty acids (VFAs) in the leachate. The increased organic acid content decreases the leachate pH from approximately 7.5 to 5.6. During this phase, the decomposition intermediate compounds like the VFAs contribute much COD. Long-chain volatile organic acids (VOAs) are converted to acetic acid (C2H4O2), CO2, and hydrogen gas (H2). High concentrations of VFAs increase both the biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) and VOA concentrations, which initiates H2 production by fermentative bacteria, which stimulates the growth of H2-oxidizing bacteria. The H2 generation phase is relatively short because it is complete by the end of the acid formation phase. The increase in the biomass of acidogenic bacteria increases the amount of degradation of the waste material and consuming nutrients. Metals, which are generally more water soluble at lower pH, may become more mobile during this phase, leading to increasing metal concentrations in the leachate.
Phase IV - Methane fermentation:
The acid formation phase intermediary products (e.g. acetic, propionic, and butyric acids) are converted to CH4 and CO2 by methanogenic microorganisms. As VFAs are metabolized by the methanogens, the landfill water pH returns to neutrality. The leachate's organic strength, experessed as oxygen demand, decreases at a rapid rate with increases in CH4 and CO2 gas production. This is the longest decomposition phase.
Phase V - Final maturation and stabilization:
The rate of microbiological activity slows during the last phase of waste decomposition as the supply of nutrients limits the chemical reactions, e.g. as bioavailable phosphorus becomes increasingly scarce. CH4 production almost completely disappears, with O2 and oxidized species gradually reappearing in the gas wells as O2 permeates downwardly from the troposphere. This transforms the oxidationâreduction potential (ORP) in the leachate toward oxidative processes. The residual organic materials may incrementally be converted to the gas phase, and as organic matter is composted; i.e. the organic matter is converted to humic-like compounds.
Social and environmental impact[edit]
Landfill operation in Hawaii. Note that the area being filled is a single, well-defined 'cell' and that a protective landfill liner is in place (exposed on the left) to prevent contamination by leachates migrating downward through the underlying geological formation.
Landfills have the potential to cause a number of issues. Infrastructure disruption, such as damage to access roads by heavy vehicles, may occur. Pollution of local roads and water courses from wheels on vehicles when they leave the landfill can be significant and can be mitigated by wheel washing systems. Pollution of the local environment, such as contamination of groundwater or aquifers or soil contamination may occur, as well.
Leachate[edit]
In some places, efforts are made to capture and treat leachate from landfills before it reaches groundwater aquifers. However, liners always have a lifespan, though it may be 100 years or more. Eventually, every landfill liner will leak,[5] allowing pollutants to contaminate groundwater.
Decomposition gases[edit]
Rotting food and other decaying organic waste creates decomposition gases, especially CO2 and CH4 from aerobic and anaerobic decomposition, respectively. Both processes occur simultaneously in different parts of a landfill. In addition to available O2, the fraction of gas constituents will vary, depending on the age of landfill, type of waste, moisture content and other factors. For example, the maximum amount of landfill gas produced can be illustrated a simplified net reaction of diethyl oxalate that accounts for these simultaneous reactions [6]:
C6H10O4 + 1:5H2O â 3:25CH4 + 2:75CO2
On average, about half of the volumetric concentration of landfill gas is CH4 and slightly less than half is CO2. The gas also contains about 5% molecular nitrogen (N2), less than 1% hydrogen sulfide (H2S), and a low concentration of non-methane organic compounds (NMOC), about 2700 ppmv[7]
Landfill gases can seep out of the landfill and into the surrounding air and soil. Methane is a greenhouse gas, and is flammable and potentially explosive at certain concentrations, which makes it perfect for burning to generate electricity cleanly. Since decomposing plant matter and food waste only release carbon that has been captured from the atmosphere through photosynthesis, no new carbon enters the carbon cycle and the atmospheric concentration of CO2 is not affected. Carbon dioxide traps heat in the atmosphere, contributing to climate change.[8] In properly managed landfills, gas is collected and flared or recovered for landfill gas utilization.
Vectors[edit]
Poorly run landfills may become nuisances because of vectors such as rats and flies which can spread infectious diseases. The occurrence of such vectors can be mitigated through the use of daily cover.
Other nuisances[edit]
Other potential issues include wildlife disruption,[how?] dust, odor, noise pollution, and reduced local property values.
Landfill gas[edit]
Gases are produced in landfills due to the anaerobic digestion by microbes. In a properly managed landfill this gas is collected and used. Its uses range from simple flaring to the landfill gas utilization and generation of electricity. Landfill gas monitoring alerts workers to the presence of a build-up of gases to a harmful level. In some countries, landfill gas recovery is extensive; in the United States, for example, more than 850 landfills have active landfill gas recovery systems.[9]
Regional practice[edit]
A landfill in Perth, Western Australia
South East New Territories Landfill, Hong Kong
Canada[edit]
Landfills in Canada are regulated by provincial environmental agencies and environmental protection legislation.[10]Older facilities tend to fall under current standards and are monitored for leaching.[11] Some former locations have been converted to parkland.
European Union[edit]
Landfill bans in Europe
In the European Union, individual states are obliged to enact legislation to comply with the requirements and obligations of the European Landfill Directive. In the UK this is the Waste Implementation Programme.
Finland, Sweden, Denmark, Poland, Germany, the Netherlands, Belgium, Austria and Slovenia have laws banning or severely restricting the disposal of household trash via landfills. [12]
United Kingdom[edit]
Landfilling practices in the UK have had to change in recent years to meet the challenges of the European Landfill Directive. The UK now imposes landfill tax upon biodegradable waste which is put into landfills. In addition to this the Landfill Allowance Trading Scheme has been established for local authorities to trade landfill quotas in England. A different system operates in Wales where authorities are not able to 'trade' between themselves, but have allowances known as the Landfill Allowance Scheme.
United States[edit]
U.S. landfills are regulated by each state's environmental agency, which establishes minimum guidelines; however, none of these standards may fall below those set by the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA).[13]
Permitting a landfill generally takes between five and seven years, costs millions of dollars and requires rigorous siting, engineering and environmental studies and demonstrations to ensure local environmental and safety concerns are satisfied.[14]
Types[edit]
Microbial topics[edit]
The status of a landfill's microbial community may determine its digestive efficiency.[17]
Bacteria that digest plastic have been found in landfills.[18]
Reclaiming materials[edit]
Landfills can be regarded as a viable and abundant source of materials and energy. In the developing world, waste pickers often scavenge for still-usable materials. In a commercial context, landfill sites have also been discovered by companies, and many have begun harvesting materials and energy .[19] Well known examples are gas recovery facilities.[20] Other commercial facilities include waste incinerators which have built-in material recovery. This material recovery is possible through the use of filters (electro filter, active carbon and potassium filter, quench, HCl-washer, SO2-washer, bottom ash-grating, etc.).
Alternatives[edit]
In addition to waste reduction and recycling strategies, there are various alternatives to landfills, including waste-to-energy incineration, anaerobic digestion, composting, mechanical biological treatment, pyrolysis and plasma arc gasification. Depending on local economics and incentives, these can be made more financially attractive than landfills.
Restrictions[edit]
European countries that have banned the disposal of untreated waste in landfills
Countries including Germany, Austria, Sweden,[21]Denmark, Belgium, the Netherlands, and Switzerland, have banned the disposal of untreated waste in landfills.[citation needed] In these countries, only certain hazardous wastes, fly ashes from incineration or the stabilized output of mechanical biological treatment plants may still be deposited.[citation needed]
See also[edit]
References[edit]
Further reading[edit]
External links[edit]
Retrieved from 'https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Landfill&oldid=900778028'
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